Hydraulics and Hydrology Lec Free Essays

string(26) with a frameworks approach. 48362 †HYDRAULICS and HYDROLOGY James E Ball †Hydrology Component SUBJECT DETAILS 1 CONTACTS ? Assoc Prof James Ball ? ? ? james. ball@uts. edu. We will compose a custom exposition test on Power through pressure and Hydrology Lec or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now au ph †9514 2623 Office Hours ? ? Monday 2:00 †4:00pm Contact by email for arrangement SUBJECT CONCEPT The target of this part of the subject is: ? Present designing hydrology; ? Present hydrological forms; ? Present flood estimation; and ? Present designing hydrology applications in water assets the board. 2 SUBJECT CONCEPT This presentation is focused on: ? Giving a capacity to apply ordinarily utilized techniques in hydrology; and ? Give a comprehension of the hypothesis behind these strategies. REFERENCES Three references that might be valuable are ? Applied Hydrology †Chow, Maidment Mays, McGraw-Hill Book Co. ? Hydrology An Australian Introduction †Ladson, Oxford University Press ? Australian Rainfall Runoff †A Guide to Flood Estimation †Engineers Australia No distributed Course Notes are accessible for this subject. 3 SUBJECT DOCUMENTS UTS-Online will be utilized for conveyance of ? Duplicates of talk slides; ? Understanding material; and ? Instructional exercise issues. Understudies should take note of that extra reference books might be noted in the talk slides. Talk STRUCTURE Each Hydrology address period will contain: ? 2 hour address; and ? 1 hour instructional exercise. It is normal that understudies will have gotten to the talk slides, understanding material and instructional exercises before the talk time frame. 4 SUBJECT TIMETABLE Date Topic 27 February Hydrology and Water Resources 5 March Meteorology 12 March Hydrologic Data 19 March Surface Water 27 March Storm Runoff 2 April Hydrologic Design 9 April Design Rainfall 1 May Peak Flow Estimation 7 May Hydrograph Estimation †Part 1 13 May Hydrograph Estimation †Part 2 14 May Environmental Flows 21 May Water Sensitive Urban Design 4 June Course Review HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Lecture 1 5 CONTENT ? Prologue to Hydrology ? Advancement of Hydrology ? Hydrologic Cycle ? Australian Hydrology INTRODUCTION 6 DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY Greek word: Hydor = water ology = investigation of Hydraulics originates from Greek word hydraulikos which thusly originates from hydor (Greek for water) and aulos (which means pipe). Meaning OF HYDROLOGY UNESCO (1979)1 characterizes hydrology as â€Å"the physical science which treats the waters of the Earth, their Occurrence, Circulation and Distribution, their Chemical and Physical Properties, and their Reaction with the Environment†. UNESCO, (1979), Impact of urbanization and industrialisation on water assets arranging and the board, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, UNESCO, UNESCO, Paris. 7 Water is basic for upkeep of life. Early civilisations were focused on waterways ? ? foundation of settlements close to streams similar to searching for indications of water on Mars Management of water is multi-disciplinary; numerous callings are included. WATER Variety of issues experienced incorporate ? Flood moderation ? Sterile sewer frameworks ? Land seepage ? Water Supply ? Duct and extension plan ? Ecological Flows ? Disintegration ? Mine tailings ? Dry spell ? Adjustment to environmental change ? Water system frameworks ? Hydro-electric and force age ? Stormwater frameworks 8 RURAL FLOODING URBAN FLOODS 9 STORMWATER STRUCTURES STORMWATER DRAINS 10 WATER SUPPLY HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER 11 IRRIGATION SCHEMES DROUGHT 12 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Ancient civilisations were coordinated with their waterway valleys. Models are ? ? ? ? ? Egyptian Civilisations and the Nile Valley Mesopotamian Civilisations and the TigrisEuphrates Indian Civilisations and the Indus Valley Ancient China and the Yellow River Andean Civilisations and Coastal Peru DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Huge numbers of structures from early civilisations are still in activity. Enormous scope water system and seepage works were related with these civilisations. Most punctual recorded dam is about 2900BC (the Sadd Al-Kafara at Wadi Al-Garawi, 25km south of Cairo) Used for both flood insurance and water system. Likewise site of most punctual known dam disappointment. 13 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Oldest enduring dam on the planet is the Grand Anicut Dam on the Kaveri River in Southern India. This structue goes back to second Century AD. Improvement OF HYDROLOGY Water gracefully to Ancient Rome has been evaluated as being approx 500L/c/d. Ebb and flow water gracefully necessities are ? ? ? Australian urban areas, structure †approx. 430L/c/d Australian urban communities, real †approx. 230L/c/d US urban communities, plan †approx 600L/c/d Drainage structures, (for example, the Cloaca Maxima) from Ancient Rome are as yet being utilized today. 14 ANCIENT ROMANS Cloaca maxima Bath, UK AQUEDUCTS Pont du Gard, France c19 BC Hampi, India first century AD 15 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Flood insurance has been rehearsed for a huge number of years along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It stays an issue of worry in these territories to the present day. Advancement OF HYDROLOGY Water has been of enthusiasm for a long time. Antiquated Greek and Roman scholars hypothesized on a hydrologic cycle †Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Lucretius, Seneca, Pliny. This cycle was created from their perceptions of water in their condition. Utilization of perceptions stays a key segment of ebb and flow hydrologic applications and research. 16 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Chinese recorded perceptions of downpour ? ? ? A yang prophet bones as right on time as 1200BC; Used downpour checks around 1000BC; and Established methodical records about 200BC. Indian records go back to 400BC. Improvement OF HYDROLOGY Scientific advancement of hydrology happened uring the Renaissance time frame. Models are ? ? ? Leonardo da Vinci †speed disseminations in streams. Bernard Palissy †springs started from precipitation. Pierre Perrault †spillover is a small amount of precipitation. 17 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Other commitments during this period were made by ? ? ? ? ? Galileo Newton Bernoulli Euler Lagrange DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROL OGY Significant logical improvement happened in the nineteenth Century when ? ? ? ? ? Dalton proposed the rule of vanishing. Hagen-Poiseuille depicted narrow stream. Mulvaney built up the Rational strategy. Darcy portrayed numerically permeable media low. Rippl created techniques for deciding stockpiling prerequisites. 18 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY twentieth Century saw quick improvement of quantitative hydrology. Greatest impact during this period was the advancement of the computerized PC and the improvement of catchment demonstrating frameworks. Confinement presently is information accessibility instead of count limit. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 19 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE One of the central patterns of nature. Reason for the study of hydrology. Significant focuses ? ? ? ? Cycle has no beginning and no closure. Cycle is consistent. Stream of water in the cycle isn't constant. Water moves whimsically through the cycle. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 20 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 21 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE General parts of the cycle are ? Barometrical Water ? Surface Water ? Ground Water In investigation of water asset issues, these parts are treated with a frameworks approach. You read Water power and Hydrology Lec in classification Papers 22 SYSTEMS CONCEPT A frameworks idea is applied while considering the hydrological cycle or some part thereof. This is steady with the reductionist idea utilized in many building issues. Frameworks CONCEPT The reductionist way of thinking depends on lessening the framework to various littler omponents. The reaction of the framework at that point is resolved from summation of the reactions of the individual parts. 23 SYSTEMS CONCEPT WATER BALANCE 24 WATER BALANCE Amount of water doesn't change. Where it might be found changes. Water possibly found in the oceans and seas, in the climate, by all accounts, benea th the surface, and in natural frameworks. WATER BALANCE ITEM Oceans Polar Ice Groundwater Lakes Soil Moisture Atmospheric Water Rivers Biological ?Water VOLUME (km3) % TOTAL WATER 1. 338 x 109 96. 5 24. 0 x 106 1. 7 23. 4 x 106 1. 69 187. 9 x 103 0. 0138 16. 5 x 103 0. 0012 12. 9 x 103 . 001 2. 1 x 103 0. 0002 1. 1 x 103 0. 0001 1. 386 x 109 100. 0 UNESCO, 1978 †ref 11, ladson ch1 25 WATER BALANCE Not all water is freshwater. Just approx 2. 5% of the water is new water †water in the seas and some lake water and ground water is saline. Thinking about just new water, the qualities in the past table are changed to WATER BALANCE UNESCO, 1978 ITEM VOLUME (km3) % TOTAL WATER Polar Ice 24. 0 x 106 68. 6 Groundwater 23. 4 x 106 30. 1 103 0. 26 Soil Moisture 16. 5 x 103 0. 05 Atmospheric Water 103 0. 04 Rivers 2. 1 x 103 0. 006 Biological Water 1. 1 x 103 0. 003 Fresh Water 35. 0 x 106 00. 0 Lakes 187. 9 x 12. 9 x 26 WATER BALANCE Basis of any volume based issue is a water balance . This is an utilization of the idea of progression. As a rule, utilization of progression gives in volume terms Inflow †Outflow = Change in Storage (? S) And in transition terms Qi †Qo = ? S/? t WATER BALANCE Components of inflow for a water body, for example, a lake or supply are ? Precipitation (P) ? Inflow from streams or groundwater (I) 27 WATER BALANCE Components of surge for a water body, for example, a lake or supply are ? Evapo-transpiration (ET); ? Surges †Extractions, Downstream streams, (O); and ? Drainage (G) WATER BALANCE Hence the water balance for a water body is P + I †O †ET †G = ? S 28 WATER FLOWS While the volume of water in a source is significant, the motion of water through a segment is significant too. A sign of the transition can be gotten from the outline of the hydrological cycle. WATER FLOWS The Global Annual Water Balance is appeared on in units comparative with the yearly volume